The article puts forward the thesis about the need to actualize the heritage of Russian religious thought in the modern intellectual culture of Russia. The question of reinterpretation of philosophical projects of the Silver Age in cultural and philosophical discourse on secularism and post-secularism and axiological structure of culture is raised. The article considers the specifics of B.P. Vysheslavtsev’s cultural-critical approach formulated by the Russian thinker in the process of comprehending the results of secularization in Russia and Europe contemporary to him, within the framework of which he problematized the themes of the crisis of religious consciousness and the spiritual integrity of human existence. Central attention is paid to the philosopher’s attempt to integrate the ideas and concepts of psychoanalysis into his religious-philosophical concept of culture, based on the traditions of Eastern Christian theology and Russian religious metaphysics. The originality of the concept presented by Vysheslavtsev is revealed in comparison with other, contemporary projects of synthesizing Russian religious thought with philosophical currents of late modernity. The subject of the study is the basic concepts that Vysheslavtsev borrows from the works of S. Freud and C.G. Jung, as well as the sacred theological texts that Vysheslavtsev singled out as the most appropriate initial bases for integrating the provisions of the psychoanalytical school into Orthodox-coloured philosophy of culture and ethics. It is concluded that the attempt to find a way of synthesis and dialogue between concepts that are ideologically opposing in many of their provisions is philosophically and culturologically significant, although it does not achieve the desired goal of transforming psychoanalysis with faith in a transcendent God. The main result is the search for interaction and the possibility of an exchange of ideas between modern philosophy and theology as an endeavor to renew the language of intellectual communication in revealing the truth of Christianity and its revival in the spiritual experience of man in modern culture.