<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">observatoria</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Обсерватория культуры</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Observatory of Culture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-3156</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2588-0047</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian State Library</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25281/2072-3156-2020-17-2-116-124</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">observatoria-982</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КУЛЬТУРНАЯ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CULTURAL REALITY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Виртуальные государства и символические рынки идентичности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Virtual States and Symbolic Markets of Identity</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-3103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирчанов</surname><given-names>Максим Валерьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirchanov</surname><given-names>Maksim V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>факультет международных отношений, кафедра регионоведения и экономики зарубежных стран,доцент</p><p>Пушкинская ул., д. 16, Воронеж, 394000, Россия</p><p>доктор исторических наук</p><p>ORCID 0000-0003-3819-3103; SPIN 6547-1027</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>16, Pushkinskaya Str., Voronezh, 394000, Russia</p><p>ORCID 0000-0003-3819-3103; SPIN 6547-1027</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maksymkyrchanoff@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Воронежский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Voronezh State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>116</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кирчанов М.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кирчанов М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirchanov M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru"><license-p>© 2026 ФГБУ "Российская государственная библиотека". Все права защищены. Воспроизведение без письменного разрешения запрещено.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en"><license-p>© 2026 Russian State Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction without written permission is prohibited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://observatoria.rsl.ru/jour/article/view/982">https://observatoria.rsl.ru/jour/article/view/982</self-uri><abstract><p>Автор анализирует виртуальные государства в контекстах рынков идентичности. Предполагается, что виртуальные государства могут играть роль как субъектов, так и объектов современного символического обмена. В статье показано, что единого определения виртуальных государств не существует, а их исследователи предлагают различные подходы, которые варьируются от экономического до культурного, от социального до антропологического. С одной стороны, виртуальные государства могут продавать свои идентичности. Автор полагает, что рынки могут быть определены как культуры, а культуры как рынки. С другой стороны, «продукция» виртуальных государств, которая актуализирует их идентичность, также может быть товаром. Предполагается, что процессы глобализации и виртуализации существенно изменили векторы и траектории развития идентичностей, превратив их в часть рыночной экономики. Предполагается, что государство-нация пос­тепенно утрачивает монопольное право представлять идентичность нации, а новые акторы пытаются оспорить это право, предлагая свои проекты развития идентичности.</p><p>Автор полагает, что появление виртуальных государств на рынках идентичности стало результатом перформативного поворота и крафтовой революции, потому что виртуальные государства стали последствиями крафтивизации экономики, предложив различные механизмы монетизации идентичностей и их превращения в сакральный и символический политический товар. Виртуальное государство стало последствием крафтивизации серийных массовых идентичностей, предложенных в XIX в. как столетии национализма. Предполагается, что виртуальное государство стало попыткой оспорить монополию регулярного государства, унаследованного от эпохи модерна, в строительстве национальных идентичностей. Поэтому виртуальные государства описаны как попытки одновременной ревизии модерного государства-нации в контекстах культурного поворота в экономике, который превратил ее в сферу производства смыслов и идентичностей. В целом автор полагает, что виртуальные государства стали новой и альтернативной формой функционирования экономики, где товаром становятся смыслообразующие и смыслогененирующие конструкты, которые изобретают и воображают новые типы и формы идентичностей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The author analyzes virtual states in the contexts of identity markets. There is assumed that virtual states can play the role of both subjects and objects of modern symbolic exchange. The article shows that virtual states do not have a common definition, and those who study them offer different approaches ranging from economic to cultural, from social to anthropological. On the one hand, virtual states can sell their identities. The author presumes that markets can be defined as cultures, and cultures as markets. On the other hand, the virtual states’ “products” that actualize their identity can also be goods. There is assumed that the processes of globalization and virtualization significantly changed the vectors and trajectories of identities development, turning them into a part of the market economy. The article assumes that the nation-state is gradually losing its monopoly right to represent the identity of the nation, and new actors are trying to challenge this right by proposing their own projects for identity development.</p><p>The author believes that the emergence of virtual states in identity markets was the result of a performative turn and a craft revolution, for virtual states appeared as the consequences of economy craftivization, offering various mechanisms to monetize identities and turn them into sacred and symbolic political products. The author believes that the virtual state was caused by the craftivization of the serial mass identities proposed in the 19th century as in the age of nationalism. There is assumed that the virtual states were the attempts to challenge the regular state’s monopoly inherited from the modern era to construct national identities. Therefore, the article analyzes the virtual states as attempts to revise the modern nation-state in the contexts of a cultural turn in the economy, which turned it into a sphere of production of meanings and identities. In general, the author considers virtual states as a new and alternative form of economic functioning, where the sense-making and meaning-generating constructs that invent and imagine new types and forms of identities become goods.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>виртуальные государства</kwd><kwd>идентичности</kwd><kwd>монетизация идентичности</kwd><kwd>сакральные товары</kwd><kwd>символические рынки</kwd><kwd>культуры как рынки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>virtual states</kwd><kwd>identities</kwd><kwd>monetization of identities</kwd><kwd>sacred goods</kwd><kwd>symbolic markets</kwd><kwd>cultures as markets</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryan J., Dunford G., Sellars S. Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Self-Proclaimed Nations. New York : Lonely Planet, 2006. 156 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryan J., Dunford G., Sellars S. Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Self-Proclaimed Nations. New York, Lonely Planet Publ., 2006, 156 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buitrago P.F., Duque I. The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity. Washington, DC : Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. 242 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buitrago P.F., Duque I. The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity. Washington, DC, Inter-American Development Bank Publ., 2013, 242 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caves R. Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce // The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2003. Vol. 17, № 2. Р. 73—84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caves R. Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2003, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 73—84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Florida R. The Rise of the Creative Class. And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure and Everyday Life. New York : Basic Books, 2002. 416 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Florida R. The Rise of the Creative Class. And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure and Everyday Life. New York, Basic Books Publ., 2002, 416 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Beukelaer Ch., Spence K.-M. Global Cultural Economy. London : Routledge, 2018. 184 р. DOI: 10.4324/9781315617800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Beukelaer Ch., Spence K.-M. Global Cultural Economy. London, Routledge Publ., 2018, 184 p. DOI: 10.4324/9781315617800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howkins J. The Creative Economy: How People Make Money From Ideas. London : Penguin, 2001. 288 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howkins J. The Creative Economy: How People Make Money From Ideas. London, Penguin Publ., 2001, 288 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burke P. Performing history: the importance of occasions // Rethinking history. 2005. Vol. 9, № 1. P. 35—52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burke P. Performing History: The Importance of Occasions, Rethinking History, 2005, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 35—52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crane M. What was performance? // Criticism. 2001. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 169—187.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crane M. What Was Performance? Criticism, 2001, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 169—187.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dirksmeier P., Helbrecht I. Time, Non-representational Theory and the “Performative Turn”: Towards a New Methodology in Qualitative Social Research // Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2008. Vol. 9, № 1. P. 1—24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dirksmeier P., Helbrecht I. Time, Non-representational Theory and the “Performative Turn”: Towards a New Methodology in Qualitative Social Research, Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 2008, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1—24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menefee S. Republics of the Reefs: Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the World’s Oceans // California Western International Law Journal. 1994. Vol. 25, № 1. P. 81—111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menefee S. Republics of the Reefs: Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the World’s Oceans, California Western International Law Journal, 1994, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 81—111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garavaglia Ch. Birra, identità locale e legame territorial [Электронный ресурс] // Agriregionieuropa. 2010. Vol. 6, № 20. URL: https://agriregionieuropa.univpm.it/en/content/article/31/20/birra-identita-locale-e-legame-territoriale (дата обращения: 26.12.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garavaglia Ch. Birra, identità locale e legame territorial, Agriregionieuropa, 2010, vol. 6, no. 20. Available at: https://agriregionieuropa.univpm.it/en/content/article/31/20/birra-identita-locale-e-legame-territoriale (accessed 26.12.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garavaglia Ch., Swinnen J. The Craft Beer Revolution: An International Perspective // Choices. 2017. Vol. 32, № 3. P. 1—8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garavaglia Ch., Swinnen J. The Craft Beer Revolution: An International Perspective, Choices, 2017, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1—8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mateer J. Digital Cinematography: Evolution of Craft or Revolution in Production? // Journal of Film and Video. 2014. Vol. 66, № 2. P. 3—14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mateer J. Digital Cinematography: Evolution of Craft or Revolution in Production? Journal of Film and Video, 2014, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 3—14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menefee S. Republics of the Reefs: Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the World’s Oceans // California Western International Law Journal. 1994. Vol. 25, № 1. P. 81—111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menefee S. Republics of the Reefs: Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the World’s Oceans, California Western International Law Journal, 1994, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 81—111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akerlof G., Kranton R. Economics and Identity // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2000. Vol. CVX, № 3. P. 715—753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akerlof G., Kranton R. Economics and Identity, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2000, vol. CVX, no. 3, pp. 715—753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akerlof G., Kranton R. Identity Economics. How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2011. 200 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akerlof G., Kranton R. Identity Economics. How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being. Princeton, Princeton University Press Publ., 2011, 200 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greif A. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 526 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greif A. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Publ., 2006, 526 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greif A. Institutions and Trade During the Late Medieval Commercial Revolution. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005. 249 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greif A. Institutions and Trade During the Late Medieval Commercial Revolution. New York, Cambridge University Press Publ., 2005, 249 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greif A. Institutions, Innovation, and Industrialization: Essays in Economic History and Development. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2015. 440 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greif A. Institutions, Innovation, and Industrialization: Essays in Economic History and Development. Princeton, Princeton University Press Publ., 2015, 440 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
