THE SYNTHETIC METHOD IN I.I. IOFFE’S HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESEARCHES OF THE 1930s—1940s

The article discusses little-known publications of the Soviet scholar I.I. Ioffe of the late 1930s — 1940s, which have almost never been discussed in the acade­mic community and are a bibliographic rarity. Pheno­mena of the history of the Western and Russian culture were considered by I. Ioffe using his own synthetic me­thod. He successfully applied the developed methodology of research in the analysis of specific historical and cultural eras. The scientist paid attention to the phenomena of “synthesis of arts” in the French culture of the 18th — 19th centuries, exemplified by the works of J.L. David and M.J. Chenier, E. Zola, and also in the Russian culture of the 19th century, by the example of the works of N.V. Gogol and P.A. Fedotov. The interpretation of the iconography of “Dead Souls” made by I. Ioffe allowed him to identify the time of turn in the Russian painting. In the study context of the author of the articles “David and Chenier” (1939) “Zola and Naturalism” (1941) “Dead Souls and the Russian Realism” (1842—1942), “The Russian Renaissance” (1944), there were involved all spheres of artistic culture in their complex interaction. The topics and subjects of I. Ioffe’s articles are demanded again in the modern art history, literary stu­dies and cultural studies. The materials from this article allow filling the unfortunate gap in the national historio­graphy and cultural studies, and determining the true place of I. Ioffe’s conception and methodology among the studies of Russian historians and cultural theorists.

1. Ioffe I.I. Izbrannoe. Chast’ 1. Sinteticheskaya istoriya iskusstv. Vvedenie v istoriyu khudozhestvennogo myshleniya [Selected Works. Part 1. The Synthetic History of Arts. Introduction to the History of Artistic Thinking]. Moscow, OOO “RAO Govoryashchaya Kniga” Publ., 2010, 654 p.

2. Ioffe I.I. Zola and Naturalism in Art, Uchenye zap. Le¬ningrad. gos. ped. in-ta im. A.I. Gertsena. T. XLI, Kaf. vse¬obshch. lit. [Scientific Notes of the A.I. Herzen Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. Volume XLI, Department of General Literature]. Leningrad, 1941, pp. 320—352 (in Russ.).

3. Ioffe I.I. David and Chenier (From the History of the Li¬terature and Art of French Revolution),Uchenye zap. Leningrad. gos. ped. in-ta im. A.I. Gertsena. T. XXVI, Kaf. vseobshch. lit. [Scientific Notes of the A.I. Herzen Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. Volume XXVI, Department of General Literature]. Leningrad, 1939, pp. 75—100 (in Russ.).

4. Ioffe I.I. Dead Souls and the Russian Realism, Leningrad. gos. un-t. Uchenye zap., № 87. Ser. gumanit. nauk. [Le¬ningrad State University. Scientific Notes, № 87. The Humanities Series]. Saratov, 1943, pp. 173—203 (in Russ.).

5. Ioffe I.I. The Russian Renaissance, Uchenye zap. Leningrad. gos. un-ta. Ser. filol. nauk. Vyp. 9, № 73[Scienti¬fic Notes of the Leningrad State University. Philoso¬phical Sciences Series. Issue 9, № 73]. Leningrad, 1944, pp. 236—286 (in Russ.).

6. Ioffe I.I. The Russian Realism and Repin, Vestn. Leningrad. gos. un-ta [Bulletin of the Leningrad State University], no. 8. Leningrad, 1947, pp. 12—34 (in Russ.).

7. Ioffe I.I. The Russian Realism and Repin, Tr. yubilei¬noi sessii Leningrad. gos. un-ta. Ser. ist. nauk[Proceedings of the Jubilee Session of the Leningrad State University. Historical Sciences Series]. Leningrad, 1948, pp. 121—144 (in Russ.).

8. Ioffe I.I. The Problem of the General History of Arts in the Petersburg University, Uchenye zap. Leningr. gos. un-ta. Ser. ist. nauk. [Scientific Notes of the Leningrad State University. Historical Sciences Series], issue 15. Leningrad, 1947, pp. 126—132 (in Russ.).

9. Personal Record of Ioffe Ieremiya Isaevich, Professor of the Faculty of Philology, Ob’’edinennyi arkhiv Sankt-Peterburg. gos. un-ta [United Archives of the St. Petersburg State University], coll. 1: Lichnye dela prof.-prepodavat. sostava Sankt-Peterburg. gos. un-ta [Personal Records of the Teaching Staff of the St. Petersburg State University], aids 26, bundle 19, fol. 686, 27 p. (in Russ.).

10. Gladilin M.S. N.V. Gogol’ i stanovlenie bytovogo zhanra v russkoi zhivopisi [N.V. Gogol and the Formation of the Genre of Everyday Life in the Russian Painting], N.V. Gogol’ i ego tvorcheskoe nasledie. Desyatye Yubileinye Gogolevskie chteniya: materialy dokladov Mezhdunar. nauch. konf.[Proceedings of the Int. Sci. Conf. “N.V. Gogol and his Creative Legacy. The Tenth Jubilee Gogol Readings”]. Moscow, Festpartner Publ., 2010, pp. 198—203.

11. Guminsky V.M. “Dead Souls” in Illustrations, Lit. v shkole [Literature in School], 2004, no. 4, pp. 9—12 (in Russ.).

12. Mashkovtsev N.G. Gogol’ v krugu khudozhnikov [Gogol in the Circle of Artists], M.G. Mashkovtsev. Iz istorii rus¬skoi khudozhestvennoi kul’tury [M.G. Mashkovtsev. From the History of Russian Artistic Culture]. Moscow, Sovietskii Khudozhnik Publ., 1982, pp. 82—131.

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15. Tynyanov Yu.N. Illustrations. Poetika. Istoriya literatury. Kino. Poetics. History of Literature. Cinema]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1977, pp. 310—318 (in Russ.).

16. Ioffe I.I. Misteriya i opera. Nemetskoe iskusstvo XVI—XVIII vekov [Mystery and Opera. The German Art of the 16th—18th Centuries]. Leningrad, Gosudarstvennogo Muzykal’nogo Nauchno-Issledovatel’skogo Instituta Publ., 1937, 236 p.

17. Ioffe I.I. Frantsuzskoe iskusstvo epokhi razlozheniya feodalizma i burzhuaznoi revolyutsii: Ocherk k vystavke

18. [The French Art of the Period of Feudalism Decomposition and Bourgeois Revolution: An Essay on the Exhibition]. Moscow, Leningrad, Lenizogiz Publ., 1932, 95 p.

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21. Voropaev V.A. A Hundred Drawings for “Dead Souls”, Moskovskii zhurnal [Moscow Journal], 2002, no. 10, pp. 57—60 (in Russ.).

22. Agin A. Sto risunkov iz sochineniya N.V. Gogolya “Mertvye Dushi”, risoval A. Agin, graviroval na dereve E. Bernardskii [A Hundred Drawings from the N.V. Gogol’s Work “Dead Souls”, drawn by A. Agin, wood engravings by E. Bernardsky]. St. Petersburg, E. Pratsa Publ., 1846, 72 p.

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