Archetypes of Artistic Form Making in the Context of Architecture — the House and the Temple

The article explores the patterns of form making in architecture through the prism of archetypes and archetypal images. Ancient civilizations’ spatial form making is considered in the context of the general system of archetypal images that are the source of meaning formation in an artificial environment. The main advantage of the article is the delimitation of the architectural archetype and the archetypal images in architecture. In this context, the article studies various options for spatial archetypes of the urban environment at the macro and micro levels. The House and the Temple are considered as the fundamental archetypes in architecture. The authors determine the role and place of form making in the contemporary cultural situation.

However, there is noted that the spatial archetypes are a broader concept than just the application field of the architectural archetype. Thus, the article reveals the hierarchy of this cultural phenomenon in the spatial arts. As is often the case in the field of art, it is difficult to draw a clear line between the archetypal and spatial images. The tower, being a perfect example of the architectural archetype, is simultaneously considered by us as a spatial archetype.

The article notes the possibility of a new archetypal image emergence in modern Russia, the general cultural situation of which can be characterized as extremely volatile and ambiguous. Does this suggest creating other archetypal images or just abandoning the traditional ones replacing them with pro-Western patterns? In any case, there is a possibility of creating new mo­dels and images that determine the emergence and development of a new paradigm in the period of global transformations. When creating a new image in culture and art, the archetypes of artistic form making, as well as in its traditional version, leave their imprint on the appearance of the material and spatial environment. The emergence of a new dominant image in the space of Russian architecture and environmental design is determined not only by its creative potential, but also by economic and political reasons, as, for example, in the case of creating a comfortable environment of buildings’ yards. Meanwhile, the yards in Russian culture, in our opinion, can claim the status of an archetype.

We can assume that everyone will remain keeping some ideal space of their own interpretation, associated with their childhood memories, and that is why it is so important for us to preserve the paternal house with its adjacent territory for gaining some psychological comfort. The House and the Temple in this context are almost equal.

1. Dalí S. 50 magicheskikh sovetov masterstva [50 Secrets of Magic Craftsmanship]. Moscow, Eksmo-Press Publ., 2002, 271 p.

2. Pedoe D. Geometry and the Liberal Arts. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1979, 332 p. (in Russ.).

3. Ghyka M. Estetika proportsii v prirode i iskusstve [Aesthetics of Proportions in Nature and Art]. Moscow, Vsesoyuznoi Akademii Arkhitektury Publ., 1936, 308 p.

4. Gabrichevsky A.G. Morfologiya iskusstva [Morphology of Art]. Moscow, Agraf Publ., 2002, 864 p.

5. Rauschenbach B.V. Geometriya kartiny i zritel’noe vospriyatie [Geometry of Painting and Visual Perception]. Moscow, Interpraks Publ., 1994, 231 p.

6. Koptsik V.A. On the Threshold of the 21st Century: A Dialogue of Natural Sciences and Humanities (Issues of Literary Text Symmetry), Matematika i iskusstvo [Mathematics and Art]. Moscow, Progress-Traditsiya Publ., 1997, pp. 77—87 (in Russ.).

7. Freivert L.B. Archetypes of the Artistic Form Making of Environmental Objects, Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Orenburg State University], 2005, no. 9, pp. 28—34. Available at: http://scipeople.ru/publication/5976 (accessed 28.11.2019) (in Russ.).

8. Jung C.G. Arkhetip i simvol [Archetype and Symbol]. Moscow, Renessans Publ., 1991, 297 p.

9. Mauss M. On Some Primitive Forms of Classification: Contribution to the Study of Collective Representations, Obshchestva. Obmen. Lichnost’. Trudy po sotsial’noi antropologii [Societies. Exchange. Personality. Works on Social Anthropology]. Moscow, KDU Publ., 2011, 416 p.

10. Lévy-Bruhl L. Sverkh’’estestvennoe v pervobytnom myshlenii [Primitives and the Supernatural]. Available at: http://www.klex.ru/8ee (accessed 01.11.2019).

11. Jung C.G., Neumann E. Psikhoanaliz i iskusstvo [Psychoanalysis and Art]. Moscow, REFL-book Publ., 1996, 304 p.

12. Jung C.G. K psikhologii vostochnoi meditatsii [On the Psychology of Eastern Meditation]. Available at: https://carljung.ru/Library/KVostMedit.htm (accessed 01.11.2019).

13. Prigozhin I., Stengers I. Vremya, khaos, kvant: K resheniyu paradoksa vremeni [Time, Chaos, Quantum. Towards the Resolution of the Paradox of Time]. Moscow, Progress Publ., 1999, 265 p.

14. Baikova E.V. Biomorfizm kak sistema obraznogo modelirovaniya v kul’ture [Biomorphism as a System of Figurative Modeling in Culture], dr. cult. diss.: 24.00.01. Saratov, 2011, 394 p.

15. Gromov M.N. Architecture as an Image of the World, Mir kul’tury [World of Culture], issue II. Moscow, Gosudarstvennaya Akademiya Slavyanskoi Kul’tury Publ., 2000, pp. 106—112 (in Russ.).

16. Ptichnikova G.A. Gradostroitel’stvo i arkhitektura Shvetsii. 1980—2000: monografiya [Urban Planning and Architecture in Sweden. 1980—2000: monograph]. St. Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 1999, 199 p.

17. Ptichnikova G.A., Yastrebova N.A. City’s Architectural Image and Time: Evolution, Transformation, Deformation (By the Example of Volgograd), Arkhitektura i vremya [Architecture and Time], 2012, no. 5, pp. 7—14 (in Russ.).

18. Bobrova L.A. 2015.02.015. Mukhin A.S. Architecture and Archetype, Sotsial’nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Seriya 3: Filosofiya. Referativnyi zhurnal [Social and Humanitarian Sciences. Russian and Foreign Literature. Series 3: Philosophy. Abstract Journal], 2015, no. 2, pp. 96—101. Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24748084 (accessed 01.11.2019) (in Russ.).

19. Vlasov V.G. Naming and Archetypes in Architecture: The Subject of Walls and Openings, Arkhitekton: izvestiya vuzov [Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education], 2018, no. 4 (64), pp. 1—25 (in Russ.).

20. Kuzmin A.S. Siheyuan as an Archetype of Chinese Architecture, Novye idei novogo veka: materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii FAD TOGU [New Ideas of the New Century: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference]. Khabarovsk, 2014, vol. 1, pp. 173—177 (in Russ.).

21. Kolevatykh D.A. Archetypes: Yesterday and Today. Modern Archetypes in Russian Architecture, Vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. Gradostroitel’stvo i arkhitektura [Bulletin of the Samara State University of Architecture and Construction. Urban Construction and Architecture], 2015, no. 3 (20), pp. 31—40 (in Russ.).

22. Korotich A.V. Historical Archetypes in the Compositional and Artistic Development of Modern High-Rise Architecture, Arkhitekton: izvestiya vuzov [Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education], 2018, no. 2 (62), pp. 21—43 (in Russ.).

23. Lobanov E.Yu. Environment Design and Spatial Organization Archetypes, Arkhitekton: izvestiya vuzov [Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education], 2012, no. 3 (39), pp. 76—86 (in Russ.).

24. Mukhin A.S. Archetype of the Cave in the Symbolic Field of Architecture, European Social Science Journal, 2013, no. 8—1 (35), pp. 52—61 (in Russ.).

25. Mukhin A.S. Arkhitektura i arkhetip [Architecture and Archetype]. St. Petersburg, Sankt-Peterburgskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet Kul’tury i Iskusstv Publ., 2014, 307 p.

26. Mukhin A.S. Arkhitektura kak arkhetipicheskoe proyavlenie institutsii kul’turnogo soznaniya [Architecture as an Archetypal Manifestation of Cultural Consciousness Institutions], dr. philos. sci. diss. abstr. St. Petersburg, Sankt-Peterburgskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet Publ., 2014, 53 p.

27. Sleptsov D.O. Russian Orthodox Church as a National Symbol, Aktual’nye innovatsionnye issledovaniya: nauka i praktika [Relevant Innovative Research: Science and Practice], 2011, no. 4, pp. 1—9 (in Russ.).

28. Smirnova T.Yu. Archetypal Basis of the Toponymic Concept “Suzdal”, Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki [Historical, Philosophical, Political and Law Sciences, Culturology and Study of Art. Issues of Theory and Practice], 2011, no. 4 (10), part 1, pp. 162—164 (in Russ.).

29. Steklova I.A. Architecture as World Explanation and Understanding, Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya [Modern Problems of Science and Education], 2014, no. 3, pp. 744—748 (in Russ.).

30. Tinyaeva N.V. Courtyard as a Phenomenon of the City Environment, Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2012, no. 2 (19), p. 10 (in Russ.).

31. Tkachov V.N. The Archetype of Wheel in Architecture, Nauchnoe obozrenie [Scientific Review], 2015, no. 24, pp. 10—15 (in Russ.).

32. Fyodorov A.N. Sample in Church Architecture and Visual Arts: Some Aspects of the Theme, Nauchnye Trudy [Scientific Papers], 2017, no. 40, pp. 3—12 (in Russ.).

33. Ivanova A.P. Harbin Mosques: The Problem of the Genesis of the Far Easten Version of Moresque Style, Uchenye zametki Tikhookeanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Scientists’ Notes of the Pacific National University], 2014, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 974—982 (in Russ.).

34. Mikhailova Yu.Yu. American Gothic Interpretation, Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul’tury i iskusstv [Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts], 2015, no. 3 (24), pp. 109—116 (in Russ.).

35. Chedzhemova Z.M. Tower Architecture of Ossetia-Alania, Al’manakh sovremennoi nauki i obrazovaniya [Almanac of Modern Science and Education], 2013, no. 1 (68), pp. 155—156 (in Russ.).

36. Mukhin A.S. House of Man and Deity: Sacred Characteristics of an Architectural Object, Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya, iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki [Historical, Philosophical, Political and Law Sciences, Culturology and Study of Art. Issues of Theory and Practice]. Tambov, Gramota Publ., 2013, no. 12 (38), part I, pp. 133—137 (in Russ.).

37. Petrov-Spiridonov N.A. Information-Logical and Historical Content of the Term “Archetype” for the Russian Orthodox Church, Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2018, no. 3 (44), pp. 124—146 (in Russ.).

38. Shutova E.V. Existence of Archetypes “Home” and “Homelessness” in the Russian Literature, Vestnik Kurganskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnye nauki [Bulletin of the Kurgan State University. Series: Humanities], 2010, no. 19, pp. 77—82 (in Russ.).

39. Zaver T.V. The Homelessness of the Characters in the Novel of M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”, Kul’tura i tsivilizatsiya [Culture and Civilization], 2017, vol. 7, no. 4A, pp. 232—238 (in Russ.).

40. Shubenkov M.V. Struktura arkhitekturnogo prostranstva [Structure of the Architectural Space], dr. archit. diss. abstr.: 18.00.01. Moscow, 2006, 58 p. Available at: https://new-disser.ru/_avtoreferats/01003309446.pdf (accessed 01.11.2019).

41. Lapshina E.G. Tower in the City. The Historical Dynamics of Spatial Archetypes, Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo v Rossii [Architecture and Construction in Russia], 2011, no. 6, pp. 2—9 (in Russ.).

42. Roshal V.M. Symbols and Signs: Tarot Arcana, Codes of Secret Societies and Meanings of Ancient Artifacts, LitMir: elektron. b-ka [LitMir: electronic library]. Available at: https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=555288&p=1 (accessed 01.11.2019) (in Russ.).